Models Of Theories Of Memory - 1235 Words

Evaluate two models of theories of memory. This essay will evaluate two models of theories of memory. Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time via the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding is the process of categorizing incoming information through conscious effortful processing, rehearsal, or unconscious automatic processing. The storage process involves the retention of encoded information over time. Lastly, retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory. There are various types of memory. Sensory memory is the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. It also plays a vital role in filtering out useless information, enabling us to focus our†¦show more content†¦Some information from the sensory store moves to the STM by paying attention to information, while some information from the STM moves to the LTM via constant rehearsal of that information. Once that piece of information is stored in the LTM, it is long-lasting - perhap s even for a lifetime if that certain piece of information is that strong. The difference in forgetting between the STM and LTM is that memory forgotten from the short term store is lost whereas forgotten memories in the LTM are still in the system but cannot be retrieved. The sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stores also differ from one another in regards to duration (how long information can be stored), capacity (how much information can be stored), and coding (in what form information can be stored). The sensory store decays rapidly, has unlimited capacity, and the information is picked up by our senses. Sensory memory includes iconic (visual), haptic (touch), and echoic (auditory) memories as well. STM lasts 15-30 seconds, is limited to 7 plus/minus 2 units, and is coded acousting. The information in STM is lost unless it is rehearsed via repetition. On the other hand, LTM can potentially last a lifetime, has unlimited capacity, and the information stored is primarily s emantic but also acoustic and visual. The strengths of the multi-store model include: it stimulated further research into memory processes; it has considerable evidence forShow MoreRelatedHow Does The Hippocampus Plays A Vital Role? Memory Retrieval?1306 Words   |  6 Pagesin memory retrieval. However the extent to what type of memories the hippocampus supports and the process in which retrieval occurs is an ongoing debate. The two theories that are dominant in this debate are the Standard Model of Systems Consolidation (SMSC) and the Multiple Trace Theory (MTT). This paper will provide a review on the evidence supporting these two composing theories, the research providing evidence against the models, and finally their limitations. Additionally, a novel theory coinedRead MoreEvaluate Two Models or Theories of One Cognitive Process with Reference to Research Studies.1237 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research stud ies. The two models or theories I will be looking at for the cognitive process of Memory are the Multi Store Memory Model and the Reconstructive Memory theory. I will be discussing the strengths and limitations of the model and the theory as well as including a few research studies to support my argument. The Multi Store Memory Model (MSMM) was founded by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) and was one of the firstRead MoreApplying Memory Strategies Essays949 Words   |  4 PagesApplying Memory Strategies Memory is an internal journal or account of a previous circumstance or experience that a subject has met. A persons ability to keep and store mentally retained impressions and information also define memory. While information is not just naturally recorded in our brains, how one applies a theory or theories of memory and forgetting can help to improve how a subject remembers. Memory is essential to our everyday lives. People must recant who they are, they must recognizeRead MoreEvaluating the Levels of Processing Theory Essay501 Words   |  3 PagesEvaluating the Levels of Processing Theory The levels of Processing theory was put forward in 1972 by Craik and Lockhart. This theory came about after they criticised the Multi-store model of memory saying it was too simplistic and descriptive rather that actually explaining the model. This theory was an alternative to the Multi-store model as it replaces the idea of Short term and Log term memory. Levels of processing theory believes that information can be processedRead MoreInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition983 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition Historically, viable theoretical models have been developed and applied throughout the history of the field of psychology in an attempt to better understand how the human mind receives, processes, stores, and retrieves information. Understanding how the human brain receives, processes, stores, and recalls information is significantly important to psychological research of cognitive development and identifying deficiencies in learning. The vastRead MoreLearning Theories Explain The Connection Of Fear And Avoidance Of The Trauma1070 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research (Ringel Brandell, 2012), the approaches I elected to focus on are CBT and PTSD, EMDR, SIT, and The Self-Trauma Model. CBT and PTSD: CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) approach can go to two directions. The first direction is learning theory, and the second is emotional processing theory (p. 15). The learning theories relate to behavioral approach aiming to change behavior by controlling environmental signs. These learning theories explain the connectionRead MoreA Critical Reflection on Information Processing Theories of Trauma Response1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Cognitive theories that focus on information processing have been the most influential theories of trauma in terms of generating testable hypotheses and directing current treatments (Salmon Bryant, 2002). For this reason, we will attempt to critically evaluate this area of trauma theory with reference to other popular theories, the research evidence, clinical practice and developmental factors. Information Processing Theories of Trauma Response Information-processing models relating to traumaRead MoreEssay on The Sophistication of the Brain1473 Words   |  6 PagesCognitivism was developed in the 1960s to help explain what behaviourism and the biological perspective could not. It aims to find out how conscious thought processes can affect behaviours. The theory likens the processes of the mind to the way in which a computer processes information. The modularity of the mind theory was mentioned by Jerry Fodor in his 1983 book ‘Modularity of Mind’. He suggests that the mind is composed of several units which have evolved over time to develop useful functions. TheRead MoreEssay about The Human Memory917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Memory Many people dont know it but the memory of a human is more complex than thought to be. The memory can be divided into three stores which are Sensory, Short term and Long term. There are also two processes which are Attention and Rehearsal. I will be looking at these sections closely to help explain the human memory. I will also be looking at past experiments which will help me support my theory. The Sensory stores are made up of three parts- VisualRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Information Processing Approach, the Parallel Distributed Processing Model, the Levels of Processing Model, and the Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model.623 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and contrast the Information Processing Approach, the Parallel Distributed Processing Model, the Levels of Processing Model, and the Traditional Three-stage Memory Model. Information Processing Approach- states that memory is a process, analogous to a computer, where information goes through three basic processes-encoding, storage, and retrieval Parallel Distributed Processing Model- states memory is distributed across a wide network of interconnected neurons located throughout the brain

About Machiavellis Way - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 757 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Niccolo Machiavelli Essay Did you like this example? Machiavelli was the product of tempestuous and risky times, personally experiencing the complexities and ruthlessness seemingly essential when he ruled Florence. In line with Machiavelli, the ideal way to rule a principality is by any means necessary; the ruler should be able to oversee absolute moral rules without consequence. The ruler is also deemed to be able to be dishonest, telling the community what it wants to hear while deceiving his people by giving the impression that he is of the purest and most honest beings. When becoming a leader of sorts, in the eyes of Machiavelli, that individual is expected to be fluent in the language of manipulation. For the fearless ruler, the only way to maintain the highest power was by an means necessary; in The Prince, a non-fiction political science work by Machiavelli himself, he tells of how Cesare Borgia, a trusted duke of Machiavelli, lured in the leaders of the Orsini, people who were a threat to the rulers power, offering them money, clothes, and horses to gain their trust, putting them, at [Machiavellis] mercy, then he kills all of them in a significant massacre (pg. 520). In doing so, Machiavelli upheld his ultimate power by way of ruthless actions while also gaining the support of his ruled population as they were enjoying a new prosperity. This reveals that a ruler in the opinion of Machiavelli has to do whatever is essential in order to assert your dominance and influence on the people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Machiavellis Way" essay for you Create order Furthermore, another strength a Machiavellian ruler must possess is the art of lying. While lying makes you seem untrustworthy and dishonorable to the people you are ruling, it is critical that one must be able to accomplish the task by making it seem like you are really telling the truth; being as slick as a fox. The most important part of being untruthful, is that the people being ruled are completely unware of what is occurring. Machiavelli claims that people are devious and will not keep faith with others, therefore faith shouldnt be kept on with them, thus leads to him saying, a wise ruler cannot, and should not keep [their] word when doing so is to [their] disadvantage (pg. 538). Due to this, it is evident the people being ruled will never be satisfied with the truth, therefore one must be deceitful with them in order for the community to keep its peace and continue to run smoothly. Lastly, another component that a ruthless ruler must own is the ability to be feared. In The Prince, the question of ?should one be feared or loved? is alluded to on occasions and the answer almost always depends on the character of the one answering, however in the eyes of Machiavelli, it is crucial for one to be feared by their peers, especially if they are in a position of sovereign. The sense of fear is also the ultimate strength when dealing with other territorial competitors; if one is so ruthless and daunting in the way they rule, it dreads the equals of the ruler due to their worry of a potential conquering. When discussing the probable defeat of one of the territorial competitors due to their negation to give up land in The Prince, Machiavelli states, The subjects can appeal against their exactions to you, their ruler. As a consequence they have more reasons to love you, if they behave themselves, and, if they do not, the more reason to fear you (pg. 511). This makes it evid ent to the reader that Machiavelli thinks a ruler should always take matters into their own hands, never to compromise and never to delegate. As a result, a ruler aspiring to be like Machiavelli, is to get things done in their own way without any fear of repercussions, allowing the people being led to see their ruler is fearless. Due to Machiavelli being the creation of a malicious and violent period of time, his first-hand experience of cruelty gave him to the tools and ideas to become the harsh leader he once was. By imposing fear and hatred amongst his people, he was always feared by many, giving him the success he once obtained. These same factors of manipulation, dishonesty, and fear are what modern Machiavellian leaders tend to possess as well, making their unjust actions are seen as inhumane and wrong. This, however is how Machiavelli rose to power because his actions did not matter to him, as long as they benefitted his reign, giving the prime example of the ends justifying the means.

Caffeine and its Long-term Physiological Changes Essay

Caffeine and its Long-term Physiological Changes To many people, caffeine seems like more of a necessity to start the day, or keep the day going, rather than a potentially harmful drug; however, most do not realize the long-term physiological changes that can occur as reported by several users. According to National Geographic, consumers spend 30 million dollars every year on caffeine tablets and roughly 50 billion dollars on caffeinated soda. Caffeine is a drug and as such makes changes the bodies. When people consume food or drink with caffeine in it the body responds by a raise the blood pressure, exciting the central nervous system, endorses urine formation, and speed up the action of the heart†¦show more content†¦Food and Drug Administration does not include caffeine on its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) list. (Microsoft, 2003) Caffeine is a psychoactive drug and as such when consumed, there are physiological changes that occur such as mood and increase energy. People have explained this a buzz. Users like the way the buzz makes them feel. Other users feel a sense of normalcy using the drug, which also makes it possible for them to get through their daily life. (Ieid, T.R., 2005) Caffeine is the most widely used drug in the world, yet abuse of the drug is rare because people stop using when they feel jittery and unable to function in a clear mental state. Jittery is a feeling of anxiousness, most likely due to an increase in blood pressure. Like other drugs, the amount of caffeine needed to become jittery is dependant on the persons body weight, i.e. children consume less amounts of caffeine than adults and feel the same effects because of their low body weight. (Ieid, T.R., 2005) Digital imagery of the brain shows that a heavy caffeine users brain on caffeine looks the same as a persons brain that is a light caffeine user not on caffeine at that particular time. In other words, a heavy caffeine user needs caffeine to have their brain function somewhat normal. (Ieid, T.R., 2005) There has been no direct relationship between death and caffeine use, however there is a case inShow MoreRelatedInformative Essay About Drugs1020 Words   |  5 Pagesawareness and consciousness, alter our perception and change what we see, and most commonly known, change our moods and thoughts. There are legal psychoactive drugs such as coffee, alcohol, and tobacco and illicit substances such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. Many people would not still be taking drugs if it weren’t for an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug. This is known as addiction, but this factor combined with a change in the nervous system so that a person now needRead More alcohol Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesgrow naturally, where as others are manufactured illicitly or even legitimately in laboratories. They may be smoked, inhaled, ingested, or injected and used for social, religious, or self-medicating purposes. The substance that are abused include caffeine, n icotine, alcohol, steroids, stimulants, depressants, heroin, ANd cocaine. Substance abuse and dependence were first described as disease process in the 1960s with the introduction of Jellinek’s work on alcoholism. Dependence on alcohol andRead MoreThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance1609 Words   |  7 Pagesenhancing quality in sporting performance. Compounds such as bee pollen, caffeine, glycine, carnitine, lecithin, and gelatin are claimed through anecdotal evidence to improve strength or endurance. The use of drugs and other substances has persisted for nearly a century. Ergogenic aids are used to improve an athlete’s performance in as many ways as possible. This includes:  § Physiological aids  § Nutritional aids  § Mechanical aids  §Read MoreUsing Multimodal Wearable Technology Essay749 Words   |  3 Pageshere are trying to use data analytics and data models over the data set collected by Multimodal Wearable Technology to detect conflict between couples. Various wearing technologies can provide various physical to physiological data. This data is collected over multiple channels over long period of time. By analyzing this data, the authors want to detect conflicts among couple. This problem presents challenge as the wearable technology and other channels over which the data is collected can be difficultRead MoreVital Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages neutral or positive influences due to the supplement, with minimal or no negative influences. While this may be seen as a bold statement, the double-blind cross over testing procedure did help eliminate any physiological influences on the study, and allowed for only physiological changes in performance to be seen. With all this being said, VPX claims for their products should not confuse a typical consumer of the product. While claims may confuse inexperienced customers about the amountRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On Human Brain And Body1825 Words   |  8 PagesCaffeine is a drug that has been studied for many years to learn more about how it effects the human brain and body. There have been many answers and yet there are still more answers to be found as scientists today continue to understand the effects of caffeine. We will look what parts of the brain involve sleep, how caffeine effects the brain and the body and try to determine if caffeine is a serious health threat or not. Adenosine also known as ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate which accordingRead MoreBalance Your Physiology For Stress Prevention And Stress Management1195 Words   |  5 Pagesmore cortisol! Yes that s right. Your body will release even more of the stress hormone! Let s take this a step further. What happens if you throw some gas on this fire and have a caffeine beverage (caffeine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant)? You would be setting yourself up for a perfect physiological disaster. Irritability, the shakes, anxiety, hyper excitability, muscle loss and fat accumulation! OUCH! This does not optimize your physiology and in fact increases levels of the stressRead MoreCaffeine as a Drug Essay2841 Words   |  12 Pagesrelaxing in the afternoon over a cup of tea, all have similar ingredient caffeine. Caffeine has been consumed ever since the 2700 BC, with its conjunction in tea, for the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung. In 575 AD, the first use of coffee beans where in Afric a where it was used as currency and food. Even more today, caffeine consumption has become an integral part of millions of peoples daily lives. According to David Weaver, Caffeine and theophylline are among the most widely consumed neuroactive substancesRead MoreSleep Disorders and their Cause Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesIt can be physiological or psychological reasons. Sometimes we can have problems with sleeping. But it is only normal if it is sometimes. If it happens repeatedly then it is a problem it might be you are experiencing a sleeping disorder. There are many are many forms of sleeping disorders and causes. It can have a negative problem on you. You can experience energy loss, health problems, and emotional balance. If you experience feeling sleepy during the day, drinking lots of caffeine to be ableRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On Pregnant Women And Babies Essay2009 Words   |  9 Pagesbecause most everything the mother puts in her body gets passed on to the baby either by passing through the placental barrier or the umbilical cord. Drugs are considered any substance that makes a change to the physiological aspects of the body. Some drugs that affect pregnant women include caffeine, over the counter drugs, tobacco, and illegal drugs such as cocaine or methamphetamine. Based on the definition of a drug, alcohol is considered a drug. Alcohol has many adverse side effects for pregnant

A Personal Account of the Experience of Participating in the JROTC Summer Camp Essay Example For Students

A Personal Account of the Experience of Participating in the JROTC Summer Camp Essay Special Summer Camp for contributing my personal Sometimes our expectations are different from reality. Last summer, I participated to the JROTC summer camp. I expected I would have a fun time playing volleyball, swimming and making new friends. But in addition, the summer camp gave me the opportunity to learn many valuable skills. I was looking forward to participating the JROTC summer camp for a whole year. I was very excited to go because I knew that it would be a unique experience for me. The first day I was in the camp, I felt ambivalent. I was afraid because I would be separated from my own friends; but I would learn to be independent and would make more new friends. The first day of the camp we just had fun with each other. The raining began on the second day of the camp. The beginning of the training day was tough for me. We woke up at five oclock in the morning. It was ridiculous for me. When I am at home, I usually wake up at ten oclock. We had an hour to prepare ourselves and clean up the dorm after we woke up. We had a clean-up competition everyday. The second horrible experience came next. We had to march for two and a half miles to the mess hall to have breakfast, then march back to the dorm. It was extremely miserable when I was marching two and a half miles with my new pair of boots. The training courses were arduous. We had to do a variety of army training. The one which contributed the most of my personal sense of achievement was Land Navigation. We had had a lesson to learn how to read a map and learned to use a compass before we did the mission. We were divided into a group to learn and a group to do the mission. Our group consisted of three people. I worked with my other two teammates. I didnt know how to use the compass at the beginning. Also, it was difficult for me to get along with one of my teammates in the mission. During the mission, we had to go into a small forest, then we used our compasses to find some designed points from the map. After that we had to find roads to walk back to the terminal point. I was the person who used the compass. One of my teammates thought I didnt know how to use the compass so she was afraid of getting lost. Therefore she refused to go with me. I was very depressed at that time because my teammates didnt believe in me. But our instructors and the other teammates trusted me. One of the instructors said, Trust yourself. I know that you are all right. You are the best one to do this job.? He gave me confidence. We finished the mission with one of the instructors because of my teammates lack of confidence in me. Although my instructor went with us, he didnt say anything. He let me lead our team. Finally, we finished our mission. I was so glad that I could complete our mission with my leadership.

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation free essay sample

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation to the Australian Indigenous population â€Å"The demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that reducing inequality itself has health benefits for all, not simply for the impoverished or deprived minorities within populations. † (Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001) The above quote from Devitt, Hall and Tsey’s paper is a relatively well grounded and well researched statement which draws on contemporary theoretical sociological concepts to support the assertion that reducing inequality is the key to improving health for all. However the assertion that the demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that a reduction in inequality will lead to health benefits for all is a rather broad statement and requires closer examination. The intention of this essay is to examine the social gradient of health, whose existence has been well established by the Whitehall Studies (Marmot 1991), and, by focusing on those groups at the lower end of the social gradient, determine whether initiatives to address inequalities between social classes will lead to health benefits for those classes at the lower end of the social scale. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The effectiveness of past initiatives to address these social and health inequalities will be examined and recommendations made as to how these initiatives might be more effective. The social gradient described by Marmot and others is interrelated with a variety of environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic factors which have been identified as key determinants of health. These determinants interact with each other at a very complex level to impact directly and indirectly on the health status of individuals and groups at all levels of society; â€Å"Poor social and economic circumstances affect health throughout life. People further down the social ladder usually run at least twice the risk of serious illness and premature death of those near the top. Between the top and bottom health standards show a continual social gradient. † (Wilkinson Marmot 1998) In Australian society it is readily apparent that the lower social classes are at greater disadvantage than those in the upper echelons of society; this has been discussed at length in several separate papers on the social gradient of health and its effects on disadvantaged Australian groups (Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001, Robinson 2002, Caldwell Caldwell 1995). Within the context of the social gradient of health it can be inferred that Indigenous groups, for example, are particularly susceptible to ill health and poor health outcomes as they suffer inordinately from the negative effects of the key determinants of health. A simple example of this is the inequality in distribution of economic resources: â€Å"Average Indigenous household income is 38% less than that of non-Indigenous households. † (AHREOC 2004). The stress and anxiety caused by insufficient economic resources leads to increased risk of depression, hypertension and heart disease (Brunner 1997 cited in Henry 2001). Higher social status and greater access to economic resources is concomitant with a reduction in stress and anxiety levels, as individuals in these groups have more control over economic pressures which create this stress. This simple comparison proves that the social gradient of health accurately reflects how socioeconomic determinants affect the health of specific social classes at the physiological level. An extension of the research into the social gradient and the determinants of health is the examination of the pathways through which specific social groups experience and respond to these determinants. These ‘psychosocial pathways’ incorporate psychological, behavioural and environmental constraints and are closely linked to the determinants of health; â€Å"Many of the socio-economic determinants of health have their effects through psychosocial pathways. † (Wilkinson 2001 cited in Robinson 2002). These pathways have been demonstrated by Henry (2001) in the conceptual model of resource influences (Appendix A), a model which illustrates the interaction between the constraints mentioned above and their impact on health outcomes. Henry states that a central differentiator between classes is the amount of control an individual feels they have over their environment. Whereas an individual from a lower class group holds a limited sense of control over their well being and consequently adopts a fatalistic approach to health, those in higher classes with a stronger sense of control over their health are more likely to take proactive steps in ensuring their future wellbeing. This means that both individuals will cope differently with the same health problem. This is partly as a result of socioeconomic or environmental determinants relative to their situation, but it is also a result of behavioural/physical constraints and, most importantly, the modes of thought employed in rationalising their situation and actions. In essence these psychosocial pathways occupy an intermediate role between the social determinants of health and class related health behaviours.